Bismuth, one of the rarest elements on Earth, is concentrated in base metal ores and is typically extracted as a byproduct of metal refining, particularly lead. In the United States, bismuth was last produced as a byproduct of lead refining in 1997. An estimated 80 t of bismuth contained in alloys were recycled in the United States annually. In 2022, world refinery production of bismuth was estima...
