Abandoned mine lands (AMLs) denote mining areas that have ceased production for an extended period. The exploration and mining operations for minerals like gold (Au), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) often endure for prolonged durations. These operations carry inherent environmental risks that can have far-reaching impacts on both the environment and society as a whole. The materials utilized in mineral extraction, the extraction processes themselves, the generation of tailings and waste rock, and the alteration of physical features that reshape landscapes are all potential sources of environmental risk.
