When a surface point has been undermined by an underground longwall face, it experiences a complicated movement and deformation process before a stable state is reached. This process, often referred to as the normal subsidence process, generally takes between 10 days and one month to occur with the mining conditions found in the United States. The authors’ research efforts have led to the development of a method that can predict with confidence the different phases of the dynamic subsidence process associated with longwall operations (Luo and Peng, 1992).
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